Association

Description

Conditions

Eating disorders (eg. Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia)
Rheumatoid Arthritis
    Primary hyperparathyroidism
    Cushing’s disease/Cushing's syndrome
Thyroid disease - particularly overactive thyroid gland
    (hyperthyroidism) or excessive thyroxine (oroxine) replacement
   
    Chronic liver disease
    Chronic kidney disease
    Malabsorptive illnesses eg. Coeliac disease, Crohn’s disease,
    other Inflammatory bowel diseases

Lifestyle choices

Smoking
Inactive lifestyle
    Excessive caffeine intake (> 5 – 6 cups/day)
Excessive alcohol intake (alcohol abuse)
    Inadequate exercise or immobilisation
Long term low dietary calcium intake

Hormone deficiency states

Late first menstrual period - (after age of 15 - 16)
Premature menopause (before the age of 45)
Menopause

    Testosterone deficiency in males

Treatments

Excessive thyroxine (oroxine) replacement for thyroid disorders
Long term oral corticosteroid use (i.e. oral Prednisolone
    at doses of 5 – 7.5mgs given for more than 2 to 3 months)
Breast cancer treatment
   
    Treatment for various malignancies (cancers)

Other reasons

    Failure to achieve adequate peak bone mass
    in late teens (i.e the highest level of bone strength
    which occurs at completion of growth)
Vitamin D Deficiency
Female athletes (usually in the setting of having amenorrhoea
    (no periods) / oligmenorrhea (infrequent periods))
    Genetic factors (runs in families)/ethnic factors (Caucasian, Asian)
    Organ transplant recipients

Others at risk

Housebound/institutionalised elderly