Physical activity throughout life into adult years is also beneficial for bone health. There is some evidence to suggest that high impact loading (eg running or skipping)⁴³ and resistance type of exercise (exercising with weights or lifting weights) probably provides the most benefit for improving bone mineral density.^44-48 Studies done to evaluate the effects of weight bearing exercise such as walking have not shown as drastic an improvement in bone mass unless this activity is performed as a high intensity activity.⁴⁹ Bike riding and swimming where there is minimal load placed on bone has minimal effect in improving bone mass.⁵⁰ Although there is data supporting the effects of exercise on bone mineral density, there are no data with regards to the effects of physical activity on fracture risk.⁵¹

Irrespective of the effects of physical activity on bone mass, being active has positive effects in terms of improving muscle strength,^52,53 endurance and balance and hence may ultimately reduce the risk of falls in later life. Individuals who continue some form of exercise into old age and extreme old age (80 and 90’s) whether it be Tai Chi, strength training or walking can improve the various risk factors that predispose them to falling.^54,55 As to whether this translates into a reduction in fracture rates is unknown at this stage.

Content updated February 20, 2006