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1.	Access Economics Pty Ltd. The Burden of Brittle Bones: Costing Osteoporosis in Australia. 1-36. 2001.
2.	Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001;285:785-795.
3.	Seeman E. Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men. The Lancet. 2002;359:1841-1850.
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6.	Carani C, Qin K, Simoni M et al. Effect of testosterone and estradiol in a man with aromatase deficiency. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:91-95.
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8.	Zumoff B, Strain GW, Miller LK et al. Twenty-four-hour mean plasma testosterone concentration declines with age in normal premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:1429-1430.
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11.	Cummings SR, Bates D, Black DM. Clinical use of bone densitometry. JAMA. 2002;288:1889-1897.
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13.	Johnson J, Dawson-Hughes B. Precision and stability of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements. Calcif Tissue Int. 1991;49:174-178.
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15.	Pouilles JM, Tremollieres F, Todorovsky N et al. Precision and sensitivity of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in spinal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1991;6:997-1002.
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19.	Black DM, Arden NK, Palermo L et al. Prevalent vertebral deformities predict hip fractures and new vertebral deformities but not wrist fractures. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14:821-828.
20.	Melton LJ, III, Atkinson EJ, Cooper C et al. Vertebral fractures predict subsequent fractures. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10:214-221.
21.	Ross PD, Davis JW, Epstein RS et al. Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:919-923.
22.	Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:767-773.
23.	Cummings SR, Browner WS, Bauer D et al. Endogenous hormones and the risk of hip and vertebral fractures among older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:733-738.
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25.	Reid IR, Evans MC, Ames R et al. The influence of osteophytes and aortic calcification on spinal mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;72:1372-1374.

26.	National Health and Medical Research Council. (2006) Executive Summary of Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand Including Recommended Dietary Intakes. Commonwealth Department of Health and Aging, Australia, Ministry of Health, New Zealand.
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29.	Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VII. Meta-analysis of calcium supplementation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:552-559.
30.	Tran HA, Petrovsky N. Pregnancy-associated osteoporosis with hypercalcaemia. Int Med Journal. 2002;32:481-485.
31.	Vitamin D and adult bone health in Australia and New Zealand: a position statement. Med J Aust 182:281-5, 2005
32.	Nowson CA, Margerison C. Vitamin D intake and vitamin D status of Australians. Med J Aust. 2002;177:149-152
33.	Grover SR, Morley R. Vitamin D deficiency in veiled or dark skinned pregnant women. MJA. 2001;175:251-252.
34.	Nozza JM, Rodda CP. Vitamin D deficiency in mothers of infants with rickets. MJA. 2001;175:253-255.
35.	Stein MS, Wark JD, Scherer SC et al. Falls relate to vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in an Australian nursing home and hostel. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47:1195-1201.
36.	Bianchi ML, Bardella MT. Bone and celiac disease. Calcif Tissue Int. 2002;71:465-471.
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38.	Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ. 2003;326:469.
39.	Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary reference intakes for Ca, P, Mg, vitamin D and F. Washington DC., National Academy Press., 1997.
40.	Holick MF: McCollum Award Lecture, 1994: vitamin D-new horizons for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr 60:619-30, 1994.
41.	Armas LA, Hollis BW, Heaney RP: Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:5387-91, 2004.
42.	Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA et al. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:670-676.

43.	Kelley GA. Exercise and regional bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a meta-analytic review of randomized trials. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;77:76-87.
44.	Friedlander AL, Genant HK, Sadowsky S et al. A two-year program of aerobics and weight training enhances bone mineral density of young women. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10:574-585.
45.	Lohman T, Going S, Pamenter R et al. Effects of resistance training on regional and total bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a randomized prospective study. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10:1015-1024.
46.	McCartney N, Hicks AL, Martin J et al. A longitudinal trial of weight training in the elderly: continued improvements in year 2. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1996;51:B425-B433.
47.	Vincent KR, Braith RW. Resistance exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:17-23.
48.	Wallace BA, Cumming RG. Systematic review of randomized trials of the effect of exercise on bone mass in pre- and postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000;67:10-18.
49.	Lewis RD, Modlesky CM. Nutrition, physical activity, and bone health in women. Int J Sport Nutr. 1998;8:250-284.
50.	Branca F. Physical activity, diet and skeletal health. Public Health Nutr. 1999;2:391-396.
51.	Karlsson M. Does exercise reduce the burden of fractures? A review. Acta Orthop Scand. 2002;73:691-705.
52.	Humphries B, Newton RU, Bronks R et al. Effect of exercise intensity on bone density, strength, and calcium turnover in older women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32:1043-1050.
53.	Rhodes EC, Martin AD, Taunton JE et al. Effects of one year of resistance training on the relation between muscular strength and bone density in elderly women. Br J Sports Med. 2000;34:18-22.
54.	Fiatarone MA, Marks EC, Ryan ND et al. High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians. Effects on skeletal muscle. JAMA. 1990;263:3029-3034.
55.	Henderson NK, White CP, Eisman JA. The roles of exercise and fall risk reduction in the prevention of osteoporosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1998;27:369-387.

56.	Misra M, Klibanski A. Evaluation and treatment of low bone density in anorexia nervosa. Nutrition in Clinical Care. 2002;5:298-308.
57.	Garnero P, Sornay-Rendu E, Chapuy MC et al. Increased bone turnover in late postmenopausal women is a major determinant of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11:337-349.
58.	Ravn P, Clemmesen B, Christiansen C. Biochemical markers can predict the response in bone mass during alendronate treatment in early postmenopausal women. Alendronate Osteoporosis Prevention Study Group. Bone. 1999;24:237-244.
59.	Braga de Castro MA, Hannon R, Eastell R. Monitoring alendronate therapy for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14:602-608.
60.	Delmas PD, Hardy P, Garnero P et al. Monitoring individual response to hormone replacement therapy with bone markers. Bone. 2000;26:553-560.
61.	Black DM, Greenspan SL, Ensrud KE et al. The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1207-1215.
62.	Garnero P, Darte C, Delmas PD. A model to monitor the efficacy of alendronate treatment in women with osteoporosis using a biochemical marker of bone turnover. Bone. 1999;24:603-609.
63.	Stepan JJ, Vokrouhlicka J. Comparison of biochemical markers of bone remodelling in the assessment of the effects of alendronate on bone in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Clin Chem Acta. 1999;288:121-135.
64.	Hans D, Dargent-Molina P, Schott AM et al. Ultrasonographic heel measurements to predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet. 1996;348:511-514.
65.	Pluijm SM, Graafmans WC, Bouter LM et al. Ultrasound measurements for the prediction of osteoporotic fractures in elderly people. Osteoporos Int. 1999;9:550-556.
66.	Adler RA, Funkhouser HL, Holt CM. Utility of heel ultrasound bone density in men. J Clin Densitom. 2001;4:225-230.
67.	Naganathan V, March L, Hunter D et al. Quantitative heel ultrasound as a predictor for osteoporosis. Med J Aust. 1999;171:297-300.
68.	Frost ML, Blake GM, Fogelman I. Can the WHO criteria for diagnosing osteoporosis be applied to calcaneal quantitative ultrasound? Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:321-330.
69.	Hartl F, Tyndall A, Kraenzlin M et al. Discriminatory ability of quantitative ultrasound parameters and bone mineral density in a population-based sample of postmenopausal women with vertebral fractures: results of the Basel Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17:321-330.
70.	Langton CM, Langton DK. Comparison of bone mineral density and quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus: site-matched correlation and discrimination of axial BMD status. Br J Radiol. 2000;73:31-35.
71.	Frost ML, Blake GM, Fogelman. Changes in QUS and BMD measurements with antiresorptive therapy: a two-year longitudinal study. Calcif Tissue Int. 2001;69:138-146.
72.	Ward KD, Klesges RC. A meta-analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density. Calcif Tissue Int. 2001;68:259-270.

73.	Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;290:1729-1738.
74.	Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:321-333.
75.	Cranney A, Wells G, Willan A et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. II. Meta-analysis of alendronate for the treatment of postmenopausal women. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:508-516.
76.	Cranney A, Tugwell P, Adachi J et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. III. Meta-analysis of risedronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:517-523.
77.	Schnitzer T, Bone HG, Crepaldi G et al. Therapeutic equivalence of alendronate 70 mg once-weekly and alendronate 10 mg daily in the treatment of osteoporosis. Alendronate Once-Weekly Study Group. Aging (Milano). 2000;12:1-12.
78.	Cranney A, Guyatt G, Krolicki N et al. A meta-analysis of etidronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12:140-151.
79.	Hodsman AB, Hanley DA, Josse R. Do bisphosphonates reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures? An evaluation of the evidence to date. CMAJ. 2002;166:1426-1430.
80.	Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA. 1998;280:2077-2082.
81.	Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: 2001 update. American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:1496-1503.
82.	Adachi JD, Saag KG, Delmas PD et al. Two-year effects of alendronate on bone mineral density and vertebral fracture in patients receiving glucocorticoids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled extension trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:202-211.
83.	Eastell R, Devogelaer JP, Peel NF et al. Prevention of bone loss with risedronate in glucocorticoid-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:331-337.
84.	McIlwain HH. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Prev Med. 2003;36:243-249.
85.	Wallach S, Cohen S, Reid DM et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on bone density and vertebral fracture in patients on corticosteroid therapy. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000;67:277-285.
86.	Bone HG et al, Ten years of alendronate treatment for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 8;351(2):190-2.
87.	Reid IR, Brown JP, Burckhardt P et al. Intravenous zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:653-661.
88.	Peretz A, Body JJ, Dumon JC et al. Cyclical pamidronate infusions in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Maturitas. 1996;25:69-75.
89.	Peretz A, Siderova V, Body JJ et al. Response to alendronate in osteoporotic women previously treated with pamidronate. Maturitas. 2003;44:111-115.
90.	Cummings SR, Duong T, Kenyon E et al. Serum estradiol level and risk of breast cancer during treatment with raloxifene. JAMA. 2002;287:216-220.
91.	Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA et al. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. JAMA. 1999;281:2189-2197.
92.	Cranney A, Tugwell P, Zytaruk N et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IV. Meta-analysis of raloxifene for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:524-528.

93.	Kloosterboer HJ, Ederveen AG. Pros and cons of existing treatment modalities in osteoporosis: a comparison between tibolone, SERMs and estrogen (+/-progestogen) treatments. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2002;83:157-165.
94.	Misof BM, Roschger P, Cosman F et al. Effects of intermittent parathyroid hormone administration on bone mineralization density in iliac crest biopsies from patients with osteoporosis: a paired study before and after treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:1150-1156.
95.	Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1434-1441.
96.	Meunier PJ, Slosman DO, Delmas PD et al. Strontium ranelate: dose-dependent effects in established postmenopausal vertebral osteoporosis--a 2-year randomized placebo controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2060-2066.
97.	Reginster JY. Strontium ranelate in osteoporosis. Curr Pharm Des. 2002;8:1907-1916.
98.	Meunier PJ, Roux C, Seeman E et al. The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:459-468.

99.	Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ, Roberston MC, Lamb SE, Cumming RG, Rowe BH. Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library [4]. 2003. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Son Ltd.
100.	Parker MJ, Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in the elderly (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library [4]. 2003. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
101.	National Institutes of Health WebSite, Menopausal Hormone Therapy Information, http://www.nih.gov/PHTindex.htm, 22 March 2004.
102.	Women's Health Iinitiative Website, WHI Findings, http://www.whi.org/default.asp, 22 March 2004.
103.	Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD: Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am J Clin Nutr 73:288-94, 2001.
104.	Papadimitropoulos E, Wells G, Shea B, Gillespie W, Weaver B, Zytaruk N, Cranney A, Adachi J, Tugwell P, Josse R, Greenwood C, Guyatt G: Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endocr. Rev. 23:560-569, 2002.
105.	Heikinheimo RJ, Inkovaara JA, Harju EJ et al. Annual injection of vitamin D and fractures of aged bones. Calcif Tissue Int. 1992;51:105-110.
106.	Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B: Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Jama 293:2257-64, 2005
107.	Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T, Baverstock M, Birks Y, Dumville J, Francis R, Iglesias C, Puffer S, Sutcliffe A, Watt I, Torgerson DJ: Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. Bmj 330:1003, 2005.
108.	Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett WC, Staehelin HB, Bazemore MG, Zee RY, Wong JB: Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. Jama 291:1999-2006, 2004.
109.	Venning G: Recent developments in vitamin D deficiency and muscle weakness among elderly people. Bmj 330:524-6, 2005.
110.	Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, Hu FB, Zhang Y, Karlson EW, Dawson-Hughes B: Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y. Am J Clin Nutr 80:752-8, 2004.
111.	Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Abrams C, Nachtigall G, Hansen C: Effects on short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly women. J Bone Min Res 15 1113-1118, 2000.
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Content updated July 28, 2009

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